Cross-section of a cliff showing how the rocks fracture and how they break away when undermined
Cross-section of a cliff showing how the rocks fracture and how they break away when undermined
The lower formation is a soft, thick-layered sandstone, shale, and limestone. The thick limestone layer on top is more solid and fractures vertically into large pieces when water, ice, wind, or other disturbances wear away the soft base. Undermined beyond their center of equilibrium, gravity pulls the big blocks or boulders down. Figure shown for scale.