alt="block diagram of earth's surface layers at continental rift zone"
Basin and Range topography develops over a few million years as fault lines move gradually or more abruptly during tens of thousands of earthquakes. Lakes pond against active fault escarpments where one side of a rift valley moves downward faster than the other. National Park Service sites in continental rift zones reveal long mountain ranges separated by deep valleys (basins) that are partially filled with sedimentary and volcanic material. Earthquakes (white stars) occur when the fault lines separating the basins and ranges suddenly let go.
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Modified from “Beauty from the Beast: Plate Tectonics and the Landscapes of the Pacific Northwest,” by Robert J. Lillie, Wells Creek Publishers, 92 pp., 2015, www.amazon.com/dp/1512211893.